HIV-positive men who have sex with men are up to 90 times more likely than the general population to develop anal cancer. Detection of precancerous changes (anal dysplasia) by anal cytology — essentially an anal canal Pap smear — is a relatively new procedure and one that has yet to enter standard practice. This UCLA study demonstrated that abnormal anal cytology was highly predictive of anal cell abnormalities that were subsequently confirmed by anal biopsy.
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